Group
VI Presentation
Posted 24 October 2001
Science
Philosophy (PPs 702)
Graduate Program
Institut Pertanian Bogor
October 2001
Instructor:
Prof Dr Ir Rudy C
Tarumingkeng
THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE SEGARA
ANAKAN LAGOON
AND ITS
SORROUNDINGS, CILACAP, CENTRAL
JAVA, INDONESIA
By:
Abubakar,
Agustinus Yacub, Asriani Hasanudin, Ery Suhartanto, Herman Tabrany, Jarot. Prianggono,
Joko Christanto, Mobius
Tanari, Saihul Anwar (Ketua), Siti Marwah
This
article is written based on the Research that was carried out in the Segara Anakan
Lagoon on the south coast of Central Java, immediately northwest of Cilacap,
Central Java, and about 350 km southeast of Jakarta. The lagoon and its
surroundings are marked by several distinctive features, including an extensive
mangrove system, very rapid sedimentation, leading to progradation of the
shoreline, strong tidal influence and the presence of many varieties of fish,
crab and shrimp.
The main
objective of the article is to prepare
the Segara Anakan environs so as to ensure that economically and
socially valuable ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and
future generations.
The method
used in the study is by using the analysis of
secondary data for supporting the result of the study. The result of the
study shows that commercial cutting and degradation of the mangroves has to be
controlled through the related agency concerned, and the need to be prepare
more sustainable basis for conserving and developing the lagoon’s future
resource base.
Based on the result of study, recommendation
can be formulated as follows: mangrove forest need to be protected by preparing
forest management guidance and instructions
that can be accessed and operasionalized by people in Kampung Laut
easily. Beside that, a certain areas should be made for the people in Kampung
Laut to use, for example as agricultural land, ponds and regeneration areas.
The mangrove forest in the surrounding of the Segara Anakan lagoon should be made as a protected zone.
And the best option for this is likely to be community base management. This is
emphasized local, village level, and control of resources.
The lagoon is a closely interlinked ecosystem comprising open water areas, mudflats, salt marshes and mangrove forests offering niches and habitats for a wide variety of animal and plant species, many of them endangered. It plays an important role in productivity of the coastal water of southern part of Central Java and hence supports economically to the livelihood of people. The lagoon is one of the few remaining wetland areas in the region and offers roosting and nesting places for a number of stationary and migratory birds.
The shoreline of the Segara
Anakan Lagoons has rapidly decreased during recent decades, especially after
the explosions of the Galunggung Mountain in 1983. The accretion has been from
the north to the south and from the
east to the west side of the area. This rapid sedimentation is due mainly to
sediment from the Citanduy river and the other smaller streams. The effect of
tides and currents on the morphology is very quick change.
All islands and newly formed
land in the Segara anakan lagoon proved to be occupied by the same species
found along the shoreline of the lagoon. The newly formed land is being inverted
by mangrove species, of which avicennia species are considered the chief
pioneers (Soeryowinoto, 1980 in Agus Pudjoarinto, 1982, cited from Eric, C.F.,
1982) along with Rizhophora. According to Hardjo suwarno (1980, cited
from Eric, C.F., 1982), at the mouth of the Donan river in the front zone of
mangrove consists predominantly of Avicennia species, but in the mouth of
Pekalongan river, Sonneratia species are dominants. Rujiman (1974)
mentioned that around the mouth of the Alur Buntu river, the front mangrove
zone is dominated by zonneratia alba Smith. He is also considered
that Sonneratia alba Smith also as pioneer along the coast of the Segara
Anakan area.
The mangrove forest of the
Segara Anakan is now degrading due to
the density of the population of the area surrounding the forest leading to
illegal cutting and the conversion of the mangrove forest into areas of
settlement and agriculture. According to Wiryokarmodjo, et al. 1979, it can be
seen that half of the mangrove forest in Kampung Laut has been damaged.
Poor upland soil management in the two watersheds causes considerable amount of sediments to be able to enter into the lagoon, bringing about a steady land accretion which overtime will completely engulf open water areas and wetlands. It is expected that within a period of ten years, the lagoon will have been completely choked by sediments and will have ceased to exist. The area that will have been a highly valuable and productive ecosystem will be covered by sediments and will only offer marginal farmlands for rainfed agricultural practices. In a subsequent definition of current threats and disturbances that have an impact on natural site processes and site value. As may be seen that the major management issues of the Segara Anakan are: 1) high rate of lagoon sedimentation and reducing open water area and water volume caused by agricultural development activities in the catchments areas and poor area management; 2) steady loss of mangrove forest area surrounding lagoon caused by poor lagoon area and buffer zone management; 3) uncontrolled aquaculture expansion of upland developments caused by poor lagoon area management; 4) uncoordinated and heavily impacting expansion of upland developments caused by poor buffer zone management; 5) uncontrolled and un-monitored pollution inputs caused by lack of management of the catchments area and from buffer zone (run offs of fertilizers and pesticides from farming plus household waste) and probably, from aquaculture.
The general objective of the
study is to prepare the environmental management of the Segara Anakan lagoon
and its surroundings so as to ensure that economically and socially valuable
ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and future generations.
The method of the study is
an analysis of the secondary data. The secondary data were
obtained from several sources, namely: library, newspaper, related
institutions. An analysis secondary data has been used for obtaining the result
that can be applied to manage Segara Anakan. The secondary data is data that
has been obtained from institutions, such as: constitutes media government
report, pas project report document, government statistic/ministries, past
report, brochures, conference, workshops etc.
The scope of the study
consists of the following items: 1) create a basis for sustainable management
of natural resources in and around the Segara Anakan Lagoon and; 2)
stabilize the offshore fisheries that
largely depends on the existence and
ecological soundness and functioning of the Segara Anakan Lagoon.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The Segara Anakan lagoon
mangrove complex, commonly called Segara Anakan lagoon, is located on the south
coast of Java and administratively The Segara Anakan is located in Kawunganten
Subdistrict, Cilacap, Central Java. The Segara Anakan Lagoon consists of a
central lagoon surrounded by mangrove swamps and recently accreted intertidal
land that has partially been converted into rice fields. The central lagoon has
remaining surface area of about 1,700 Ha and is surrounded by an equal area of
sloughs and tributaries, draining the mangrove swamps and intertidal land,
respectively. There are about 12,230 Ha of mangrove forests, with varying
degrees of disturbance, surrounding the
lagoon. The Lagoon is connected to the
Indian Ocean through two tidal channels, some 25 km apart, and is protected
from the sea by the rocky Nusa Kambangan island (about 30,000 ha) that runs
parallel to the coast. The lagoon complex receives inflow from two major river
basins: the Citanduy basin, with a catchments area of about 350,000 ha; and the
Segara Anakan basin, with a catchments area of about 96,000 ha, that drains
through the lagoon via two principal rivers, the Cibeureum and Cikonde.
Van Bemelen (1949) stated
that the coastal lowland belongs to the central depression zone of Java, the continuation
of the Citanduy Depression. The eastern area, a broad coastal plain with almost flat topography, consists of
beach sands, with intercalations of iron-sand pockets. The extent of the
lithology varies widely. The smooth coastline in this area indicates that
marine processes are stronger than terrestrial influxes. Unlike the eastern
area, where marine processes exceed terrestrial influxes, the area surroundings
the Segara Anakan shows that
terrestrial agents play dominant role in deposition. The Segara Anakan
itself is a body of brackish water, situated north of Nusa Kambangan Island.
This Island acts as a barrier protecting the Segara Anakan from the wave
of currents of the Indian Ocean, resulting in a low energy environment in the
Segara Anakan. The Segara Anakan is connected with the Indian Ocean by two
outlets, namely the western and the eastern. Since it occupies the
south-eastern continuation of the broad alluvial plain in the Citanduy River,
as well as from the Cibereum that flows in from the north. This results of the
flows in shallowing and narrowing of the Segara Anakan. If there is no
countermeasures are taken, it can be predicted that within a few decades the
present estuary will be completely
choked with alluvium. At present, the tide affected lowland surrounding the
Segara anakan is in the form of a mangrove swamp, crisscross by interconnected
tidal channels and underlied by alluviums and swamp sediments in the form of
clay and silt mixed with organic materials.
A coast, in particularly
beach, is often a rapidly changing landform. The complexity of the forces
initiating frequently rapid beach changes makes a proper analysis of coastal
features difficult (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). The beach form is affected by the
following main features; the beach material, wave, wind and tide. Human
interference may have a market effect on the beach, such as structures as
harbors and piers modifying the natural movement of beach material so as to cause profound changes in the
immediate vicinity and adjoining areas (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). They also
said that marshy or muddy land areas in the coastal zone which are covered and
uncovered by the rise and fall of the tide are called tidal flats and these areas exist around the Segara
Anakan. Typical of such flats are strongly curved, wide-open creeks and
vegetation patterns. The vegetation differences causing such patterns are the
result of differences in elevation, texture and water qualities. Beach ridges
are continuous mounds of beach material formed immediately behind the beach by
wave action. Ridges may occur singly or in a series of approximately parallel
deposits. The Cilacap region is formed by smoothly curved sandy beach ridges
stretching continuously from Nusa Kambangan to Karangbolong, interrupted only
by rivers which enter the Indian Ocean.
Numerous older beach ridges, approximately parallel to the coastline of today,
can be traced inland, and they record stages in shoreline progradation. They
are absent from the Segara Anakan area, which was always protected from wave by
the hill of Nusa Kambangan, and are best developed along those parts of the
coastline most exposed to the South-East winds (Verstappen, 1975).
The Segara Anakan Environs
are the only extensive lagoon mangrove complex remaining on Java. It is highly
productive, supporting coastal fisheries that are of prime economic importance
to the region. The ecosystem are made up of variety of major habitats;
mangroves, silt water marshes, intertidal mudflat, and open water. It is the
synergy of all of these habitats that underlines the importance of its
productive functions and environmental values, in particular its function as a
major nursery ground for many of the economically important fish/shrimp species
in the coastal waters. The true value of the wetlands has been long disregarded
but is now being increasingly recognized.
Wetland ecosystem s account for about
six percent of the global land area and are considered to be among the
most threatened of environmental resources. Wetland ecological systems contain
many animal/plant species, occupy key positions in natural resources
production, and perform vital functions with regard to nutrient cycles and filtering tasks. They regulate water flows,
provide a habitat for wild animals and birds and offer a rich variety of
products for people living in/or near the vicinity. The Segara Anakan lagoon
forms an ecosystem of considerable environmental and economic value. Freshwater
and nutrients from the rivers mix with sea water and detritus mater (leaf
litter) from the mangroves to forms a highly productive condition for both
lagoon and marine life. The lagoon itself is a highly productive fishery but
even more important, it is a nursery for shrimp and demersal finfish that are
primarily caught in coastal water outside the lagoon.
The lagoon has considerable
cultural value and significance; people have lived here for more than hundreds
of years. Due to the environmental destruction and man-made interventions the
livelihood of these people and a valuable ecosystem will be inevitably
annihilated if no action is taken. The lagoon is an important breeding and
resting ground for endangered wildlife, and it supports the south Java shrimp
fishery, which contributes substantial export earnings to the National
Government (Based on the report of Department of Fisheries, the annual
production reported at Cilacap is approximately 9,000 tons). Kampung Laut in
the Segara Anakan Lagoon area, consists of three villages are subdivided into
eight subvillages: Ujung gagak village
with the sub-villages of Karanganyar and Cibeureum; Panikel with Muara
Dua, Bugel and Panikel; Ujung Alang with Motean, Klaces (on Nusa Kambangan
Island) and Ujung Alang Baru.
Population and Population Number; and
Migration.
Among the villages, the most
densely populated is Panikel. Table 1 shows settlement areas, village
population and population density.
|
No |
Village |
Settlement Area (Ha) |
Population
|
Population Density (No. of
Persons/ha) |
|
1 |
Ujung Alang |
452.6 |
4,391 |
10 |
|
2 |
Ujung Gagak |
184.2 |
3,673 |
20 |
|
3 |
Panikel |
132.9 |
3,679 |
28 |
|
Total |
|
769.7 |
11,743 |
15 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
The in migration into the
Kampung Laut is very low. On the other hand, a high out migration started in
the 1980’s, mainly by young people who look for employment elsewhere. Most of the
inhabitants were born in their villages. Only a negligible number of persons
have migrated into the Kampung Laut during the recent years.
The existing few schools are confined to the primary school level, and have been extended moderately to encompass most hamlets. Due to the instability of some of the newly accreted soil base, several of school buildings have been damaged, and after being repaired several times, are in a few cases no longer occupied. There are 12 schools in total, 9 elementary and 3 junior high schools located in Ujung Alang (4); Ujung Gagak (4); and Panikel (4). Some teachers such as those working in Panikel commute daily from Kawunganten, a practice that reduces the effective hours spent for teaching. The level of education of inhabitants of the Kampung Laut of Kawunganten subdistrict is shown in the following table.
No
|
Level of Education |
Ujung Alang |
Ujung Gagak |
Panikel |
Total |
||||
|
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
||
|
1 |
Elementary School |
452 |
73.2 |
256 |
61.7 |
296 |
65.6 |
1,872 |
61.5 |
|
2 |
Junior High school |
99 |
16.0 |
99 |
23.8 |
94 |
20.8 |
833 |
37.3 |
|
3 |
Senior High school |
62 |
10.0 |
56 |
13.5 |
58 |
12.9 |
328 |
10.0 |
|
4 |
Academy/University |
5 |
0.8 |
4 |
1.0 |
3 |
0.7 |
12 |
0.4 |
|
|
Total |
618 |
100 |
415 |
100 |
451 |
100 |
3,045 |
100 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
The majority of inhabitants
of the Kampung Laut of Segara Anakan graduated from elementary school, and only
small percentage obtained on academic degree. The illiteracy rate was estimated
to be 30% and this still appears to be the case. However, this relatively high
percentage is most likely due to the fact that younger people with formal
education use to leave their village. According to preliminary interview that
has been conducted, there is a change in perception and attitude regarding
higher education. Many in the young generation are aware of the fact that on
alternative way of improving income and standard of living is to obtain higher
formal education. It is this group that
is most likely to emigrate as soon as individuals achieved an educational
attainment.
The primary source of income
for local people is the lagoon fisheries which have decreased from time to
time. There is engagement in new income sources like farming, mangrove lumber
and labor, but the options are limited.
The average level of per
capita household income of the villagers in the area generally does not meet
the minimum basic needs. According to the head of village (Kepala Desa), people
in Ujung Alang earn less than Rp 150,000.00 (Rupiah A hundred fifty thousands)
per month in the average. The average income of the people in Ujung Gagak is
much higher than that, reaching Rp 450,000.00 (Rupiah Four Hundred and Fifty
Thousands). Panikel, on the other hand, is certainly the most impoverished
village of the Kampung Laut. Here, most villagers are depending on marginal
rainfed farming. The low general income of the people in Kampung Laut is caused
by almost all people in the area worked and were employed in some capacity, but
underemployment was still a problem. Fishing was the almost common livehood,
but this was seasonal and depended on the weather and environmental conditions.
The accretion of land and
subsequent growth of the islands allowed more farming and gardening activities.
Small scale of farming augmented food supply for local consumption but
contributed little in income generation.
Flooding and inundation of
hamlets and agricultural lands poses a persistent problem in the perception of
villagers in Panikel. During the last
two years they were unable to work their paddies, and most of them had to look
for gainful employment outside the lagoon. They recall the flood about 12 years
ago that left their land covered with 1.5 m of mud and caused 8 deaths among
them. A decade ago, they suffered and acute famine and had to be supplied with
food by a private organization.
|
No |
Occupation |
Ujung Alang |
Ujung Gagak |
Panikel |
Total |
||||
|
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
No |
% |
||
|
1 |
Fishing |
936 |
29.3 |
779 |
32.0 |
483 |
16.7 |
2,410 |
22.8 |
|
2 |
Farm Labor |
603 |
18.9 |
491 |
20.2 |
796 |
27.5 |
2,465 |
23.4 |
|
3 |
Farming |
893 |
28.0 |
674 |
27.8 |
978 |
33.7 |
3,327 |
31.5 |
|
4 |
Other Labor |
193 |
6.1 |
69 |
2.8 |
143 |
4.9 |
503 |
4.8 |
|
5 |
Civil Service |
20 |
0.7 |
24 |
1.0 |
21 |
0.7 |
82 |
0.8 |
|
6 |
Others |
545 |
17.0 |
391 |
16.2 |
477 |
16.5 |
1,767 |
16.7 |
|
7 |
Total |
3,190 |
100.0 |
2,428 |
100.0 |
2,898 |
100.0 |
10,554 |
100.0 |
Source: Monografi Desa, 1997
Fishing is the dominant
source of income in Ujung Alang and Ujung Gagak, whereas in Panikel, farmer is
the main occupation (see table 3). In view of decreasing catches in the lagoon,
some people are in the process of shifting from fishing to farming.
Although the health standard
in the villages had apparently improved slightly since the time of the report
by White et al (1989), the sanitation and health situation in the
villages within Segara Anakan environs is still very poor. All villages suffer
from lack of Sanitary facilities and supplies of potable water, with the
exception of Klaces on Nusa Kambangan. The problem is compounded during dry
season. In Ujung Alang, water was piped from Nusa Kambangan, the underwater
pipe, however, was frequently hit by a ship and damaged in the process. It has
not been repaired yet, reportedly due to lack of funds. Potable water is now
ferried from Nusa Kambangan, a trip of more than 3 hours to Ujung Gagak.
Socio-economic impacts are positive and arise from the interventions that inhibit further loss of the lagoon’s resource base and introduce group strategies, through village organizations and women groups, for more sustainable management of the lagoon’s resources. They also arise from a specific interventions to improve village infrastructure, access to facilities institutional and legal frameworks, and income generating opportunities.
The sole mean of
communication within the lagoon of water transport. A number of privately
operated boats serve the Kampung Laut and provide transportation services on
call for passengers and goods, together with public transport boats. The water
way between Nusa Kambangan and Mudflats and Islands in the Lagoon is the
thoroughfare for large car ferries that communicate between Cilacap, Majingklak
and Kalipucang.