© 2001 Rahmi Yunianti                                                                                                           Posted 5 December  2001   [rudyct] 

Makalah Falsafah Sains (PPs 702)   

Program Pasca Sarjana / S3

Institut Pertanian Bogor

December 2001

 

Dosen:

Prof Dr Ir Rudy C Tarumingkeng (Penanggung Jawab

 

 

INFLORESCENCE AND PRODUCTION OF BUSHY PEPPER AT VARIOUS WATERING AND FERTILIZATION

 

 

By

 

Rahmi Yunianti

A156010061

E-mail: rahmi_yunianti@yahoo.com

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

            The aim of this experiment was to get information regarding the amount of fertilizer and irrigation necessary for maximum production of bushy peppers.  The experiment was conducted in the green house of Cimanggu Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor, from October 1999 to September 2000.  The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replications and six plants per unit.  There were two factors treated : five levels of watering (7 mm/2 days/plant, 14 mm/2 days/plant, 21 mm/2 days/plant, 14 mm/4 days/plant and 21 mm/4 days/plant) and four levels of NPKMg 12-12-17-2 (0 g/plant/year,100 g/plant/year, 200 g/plant/year and 300 g/plant/year).

The result showed the inflorescence and production of bushy pepper were affected by interaction between watering and fertilization.  Stress condition that effected by unbalanced watering and fertilization on inflorescence stage adapted by reduced flowers bunch number, abbreviated of inflorescence process, prolonged period of inflorescence, and abbreviated of flowers bunch.  The condition also caused reduced fruits bunch number, abbreviated of fruits bunch, accelerated of fruits formation, reduced of fruit per flower percentage, and reduced of production per plant. The highest production produced by combination of 21 mm/plant and 100 g NPKMg 12-12-17-2/plant/year.

 

Key words :  bushy pepper, inflorescence, production, watering, fertilization

 

INTRODUCTION

            Peppers have been cultivated extensively in the forest garden in Indonesia.  Farmer cultivated them as climbing plant with supporting poles, so production cost become expensive. In addition, they cultivated peppers without any fertilizer nor irrigation therefore they produced low yield.

Bushy peppers are alternatifes technology that expected increasing yield and reducing production costs.  This type peppers could be cultivated more denssely in the field without supporting poles, so opportuned to cultivated as multiple cropping and intercropping system between other perenial like coconuts (Syakir and Zaubin, 1994; Syakir, 1996).  In addition, bushy peppers reached the reproductive phase earliar than climbing peppers.  Bushy peppers also simple in cultivated and harvested.  Because cuttings derived from flowering shoots bushy peppers have highly photosynthesis (Helmi, 1999).  Their root system are shallow and less leafy.  About 80% of them spreated until 40 cm depth, therefore water have been limited component on bushy peppers cultivating (Pujiharti, Dwiwarni and Muchlas, 1995).  These make the root cannot balance energetic shoot growth.  The condition also caused nutrient deficiency, therefore bushy pepper needs intensive fertilizing for optimum growth.

            Some research about bushy peppers have been done.  However there are very few studies about the cultivatinon method of bushy peppers in fields. The aim of this experiment was to get information regarding the amount of fertilizer and irrigation necessary for maximum production of bushy peppers.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

            The experiment was conducted in green house of Cimanggu Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor, from October 1999 to September 2000.  Materials that used in this experiment were bushy peppers  variety Petaling 1 (planted on June 1996), NPKMg 12-12-17-2 (ingredients Urea, SP 36, KCl and Kieserit) and water. Bushy peppers planted in pots (diameter = 37 cm, high = 50 cm)  that  filled with sandy loam soil (Figure 1).

The experiment was arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replications and six plants per unit.  There were two factors treated, five levels of watering and four levels of fertilization.  The first factor consist of   7 mm/2 days/plant (W1), 14 mm/2 days/plant (W2), 21 mm/2 days/plant (W3),       14 mm/4 days/plant (W4) and 21 mm/4 days/plant (W5). The second factor consist of 0 g/plant/year (F0), 100 g/plant/year (F1) 200 g/plant/year (F2) and 300 g/plant/year (F3).  Fertilizer divided into four application with proportion 4:3:2:1.  Interval application was 2 month.  Dosage of fertilizer for each treatment and application dishes laid out on Table 1.

 

 


Figure 1.  Bushy pepper planted in pot

 


Table 1.  Dosage of fertilizer for each Treatment and aplication (g/plant)

Fertilizer

H0

H1

H2

H3

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

Urea

0

0

0

0

11.1

8.4

5.6

2.8

22.2

16.8

11.2

5.6

33.3

25.2

16.8

8.4

SP 36

0

0

0

0

13.9

10.4

7.0

3.5

27.8

20.8

14.0

7.0

41.7

31.2

21.0

10.5

KCl

0

0

0

0

11.8

8.8

5.9

1.5

23.6

17.6

11.8

5.8

35.4

26.4

17.7

8.7

Kieserit

0

0

0

0

3.2

2.4

1.5

0.8

6.4

4.8

3.0

1.6

9.6

7.2

4.5

2.4

Total

0

0

0

0

40

30

20

10

80

60

40

20

120

90

60

30

 

 

            Observed variables were number of flowers bunch, process of inflorescence, length of flower bunch, number of fruits bunch, length of fruits bunch, duration of fruits formation, fruits per flowers percentage, dryweight of 100 grains, and production per plant.

 

 

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Inflorescence

            Number of flowers bunch. Number of flowers bunch was affected by interaction between watering and fertilization.  The greatest number of flowers bunch produced by W4F3, whereas fewer number of flowers bunch dominated by treatment that combined with F0 (Table 2).  Watering that combined with F0 and fertilization that combined with W1 and W4, had prolonged inflorescence.  It seen from flowers bunch existence untill 24 weeks since beginning of experiment (Figure 2).  According to Mubiyanto (1997) water stress condition would be increased ABA hormone formation that function as stimulus of flower formation.

 

Table 2.  Number of flowers bunch

 

Watering

Fertilization

F0

F1

F2

F3

W1

9.2a

19.7cd

31.5fg

52.0l

W2

8.5a

34.3gh

39.6hi

43.4ij

W3

5.1a

39.3hi

41.0ij

50.1kl

W4

10.8ab

25.4de

40.7I

78.6m

W5

14.9bc

46.4jk

25.2de

26.4e

 

Note  :    Numbers followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 5% of DMRT

 

Process of inflorescence. Process of inflorescence classified into 4 stage flower development (Figure 3).  All inflorescence stage were affected by interaction watering and fertilization.  The faster combination that reached stage 1 was W4F0 and the latest was W1F3.  On stage 2, the faster one was W3F2 and the latest was W4F3, on stage 3, the faster one was W5F3 and the latest was W1F3, and on stage 4, the faster one was W4F0 and the latest  was W3F1.  Combination of W1F0, W2F0, W2F1, W3F0, W3F2, and W4F0 reached every inflorescence stage earlier than another combination, whereas combination W1F3 and W4F3 delayed (Table 3).

 

 

Figure 2. Flowers bunch number of bushy peppers at various treatment

 

Different with Iljas (1969) and Helmi (1999) researches, in this experiment founded phenomenon that male flowers could be come out before all female flowers appeared, so stage 3 could be occured faster than stage 2.  Beside of difference of variety and experiment condition, apparently there were another factors that played a part to determined development process of pepper’s flower on that stage.

 

 

Figure 3.  Development of bushy pepper’s flower

(a) bunch of flower, (b) pistil, (c) stamen bunch of flower appeared, (2)stage 1, pistil appeared on

basis of bunch, (3) stage 2, all flowers had pistil, (4) stage 3, stamen appeared on basis of flower,

(5) stage 4, all flowers had stamen and pistil (hermaphrodite flowers), and (6) fruits appeared

 

 

Length of flower bunch. Length of flower bunch was affected by interaction between both treatment.  Combination of W2F3 and W5F3 produced the longest flowers bunch or not significantly different with treatment that produced the longest one on every stage, whereas W1F0, W1F3 and W3F0 produced shorter flowers bunch (Table 3).  Entire treatment  indicated that watering that combined with F0 and fertilization that combined with W1, inclined to produced shorter flowers bunch. Soedarsono (1997) reported that water stress would be reduced size of reproduction organs.

 

Tablel 3.     Inflorescence process and length of fruits bunch in every  flower development stage

 

Treatment

Inflorescence Process

Length of Fruits Bunch

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Day after bud appeared

(cm)

W1F0

13.9a

21.9ab

23.4abcd

29.6ab

5.8a

  8.2ab

  8.6abc

  9.1ab

W1F1

14.9abc

26.0def

23.9abcdef

30.0abc

6.4abc

  9.4bcde

  9.3bc

  9.9bcde

W1F2

15.5abcd